Structural Anthropology, by Adam Mars-Jones
The Invisible Japanese Gentelmen, by Graham Greene
GRAHAM GREENE
Graham Greene was born in 1904. His father was a teacher in a boarding school, and he attended his father’s lessons. In his family we find people related to letters, for example his brother was a BBC director and his mother was an R. L. Stevenson’s cousin. He had a difficult adolescence and, because of that, he had to attend psychoanalysis sessions, a very unusual treatment at the time. In his diaries, he said he attempted to commit suicide by the system of the Russian roulette.
He studied History in Oxford. There he fell in love with a catholic woman and converted to Catholicism and got married.
After the university, he got a job as a subeditor for The Times. While working as a journalist, he wrote a novel The Man Within, an espionage story round Europe. He was 25. It was a success, and he decided to become a full-time writer, although his two following novels didn’t sell well. His next hit was The Stamboul Train, also a thriller, published when he was 28.
From that moment on, he divided his works into two classes: “entertainment”, that is thrillers and spy stories; and “novels”, or literary works, where he would deal with more philosophical problems, as, for instance, religion and the relation between goodness and badness. In this sense, he is considered a catholic writer, not only because he was a convert, but because in this literary works, the heroes are religious catholic people who want to atone for their sins. An example of these literary works is The Power and the Glory, where a Mexican priest, drunkard, father of a daughter, flying from the Mexican Revolution, debates between doing his clerical obligations or saving his life.
During the Second World War, he worked for the Foreign Office in Sierra Leone: that is, he worked for the British Secret Service, the MI6. There he was under the orders of Kim Philby, the famous double agent who had to run away to the USSR. He was his inspiration for his novel The Human Factor.
When he was 42 he got divorced and got married again, this time with a very rich woman. He travelled a lot, and thus he got a lot of material for his novels. During the last part of his life, he lived a life of luxury in Paris, the French Riviera, Capri and the Ritz in London. He died aged 86 of leukaemia.
A lot of his novels were adapted for the cinema: The Third Man, The Quiet American, The Burn-out Case, The Comedians, The End of the Affair…
SUMMARY
The story is very simple. The narrator, a couple, and eight Japanese men are having lunch in an expensive restaurant in the centre of London. The Japanese are eating and talking, but the narrator cannot hear them clearly, much less understand their language.
Between the Japanese and the narrator, the couple are having an argument. They are talking about getting married in a week, and they have different plans about the way of earning their living. The boy has been offered a place in a wine merchant business belonging to his uncle. But the girl has written a book, and her publisher is very hopeful about her work: she’s going to have an advance of 500 pounds, and then, the royalties. But the young man doesn’t trust very much in his fiancée’s literary career, although she has a project for another novel.
The narrator is a bit jealous of the girl, because he’s a writer himself, but much older. He meditates about the girl’s childish illusions, that is, about her excessive trust in her publisher; he thinks inexperienced writers (or even experienced, as the narrator is) are publishers’ instruments to get money, and when a writer doesn’t sell (so he or she isn’t useful any more), the publisher goes and looks for another one.
The girl claims she has a big power of observation; this talent is a good skill for a writer, but the fact is she hasn’t ever been aware of the conspicuous eight Japanese gentlemen sitting, talking and eating near her.
QUESTIONS
-Look for information about:
Bentley’s
Regency Way
Roedean College
Cheltenham Ladies’ College
Chablis
Nelson
Mrs Humphrey Ward
-What do you think / How do you feel when you hear a
conversation in a language you don’t understand?
-Is it possible to write a good book being very young?
What very young authors do you know?
-Can you write about something you haven’t
experienced?
-Do you think the girl had powers of observation? What
kind of powers of observation do you have, that is, what things attract your
attention?
-Don you think they’ll get married in the end? What
are they going to do (occupations)?
-DEBATE: What kind of job would you recommend to your
children? Likes versus profits.
VOCABULARY
crutch, blurb, jacket
Lady Windermere's Fan, By Oscar Wilde
SUMMARY
ACT I
It’s Margaret Windermere’s birthday, and she’s having a party tonight. Her husband has given a fan as a birthday present. Lord Darlington, a friend of the couple, is visiting lady Windermere and is paying her a lot of compliments. He is infatuated with her, but we don’t know if he’s really in love, or he’s only a rake. Lord Darlington knows lord Windermere has a singular relation with a woman called Mrs Erlynne, who is new in the city, and wants to take advantage of this in order to seduce lady Windermere.
Lady Windermere is going to find out about her husband supposed affair through the Duchess of Berwick, who tells her about the frequent visits her husband pays to Mrs Erlynne, hinting he has a love affair with her.
Lady Windermere doesn’t believe the story, but she has some doubts. In the end, she checks her husband bank books and discovers he has repeatedly given big sums of money to Mrs Erlynne.
She asks her husband why he has given her so much money, but he didn’t explain why; he only asks her to trust him and also to invite Mrs Erlynne to her birthday party. As she doesn’t want to do it, Lord Windermere writes himself the invitation card.
ACT 2
In the second act, we are at Lady Windermere birthday party. There are a lot of people, including Lord Windermere’s funny friends, Lord Darlington, the Duchess of Berwick and Mrs Erlynne. In the beginning, all the people want to avoid Mrs Erlynne, but, as the party goes on, everybody is seduced by her wits. Even one of Lord Windermere’s friends, Lord Augustus, aka Tuppy, a very simple man, falls in love with her.
Lady Windermere is so angry and disappointed with her husband, that she decides to accept Lord Darlington’s love and his proposition to elope with her. When the party is over, she leaves a letter for her husband telling him she is leaving him and goes away to Lord Darlington’s house. But Mrs Erlynne sees the letter, takes it before Lord Windermere knows anything about its content, and decides to save her and her marriage.
ACT 3
Lady Windermere is at Lord Darlington’s house waiting for him to run away together. But she has some doubts about her decision. After a while, in comes Mrs Erlynne. She tells her she wants to save her and her family, and lastly, she persuades her to go back to her husband. But, when they are going to go out, Lord Darlington and his friends, including Lord Windermere, are entering the house. Mrs Erlynne and Lady Windermere have to hide quickly.
But somebody finds Lady Windermere’s fan on a chair, and, when Lord Windermere is on the point of starting searching for his wife thinking she has something to do with Lord Darlington, Mrs Erlynne reveals herself. Everybody is astounded, Lady Windermere can make her escape, and Lord Augustus is quite disappointed.
ACT 4
Lady Windermere is at home thinking about the way to thank Mrs Erlynne, now she knows she isn’t a bad woman because she helped her to go back to her husband. But now her husband tells her she’s a contemptible woman.
At that moment, Mrs Erlynne comes to Lord Windermere’s to give back Lady Windermere’s fan and to ask for a photo of hers. While she is looking for it, and Lord Windermere and Mrs Erlynne are alone together, we find out that Mrs Erlynne is Lady Windermere’s mother, and that she abandoned her daughter twenty years ago to elope with her lover, who died some years after and left her alone in the world and rejected by every society. But neither he nor she tells anything of this secret to Lady Windermere.
In the end, Mrs Erlynne goes away, but not without finding a creditable explanation for her appearance at Lord Darlington’s, and this way she gets back Tuppy, and they leave for the continent together.
The Little Governess, by Katherine Mansfield
SUMMARY
This story deals with the naivety of a young woman and
the lechery of a dirty old man who makes profit of her inexperience.
The protagonist, who has no name and so thus her innocence
is highlighted, is a just graduated governess who travels from a British town
to Munich to work as a tutor for a German family. She has never been abroad
and, because of her ingenuousness, we can suppose she has neither been out nor
away very often, and, as in the story there isn’t any mention of her family, we
can think she has to be an orphan or an illegitimate daughter who has been
raised in an institution and then sent to a boarding school, a case that wasn’t
unusual in Great Britain in the 19th century and at the beginning of
the 20th century.
The lady from the Governess Bureau who has found her a
position in Augsburg, near Munich, gives her a lot of cautions to survive from all the
dangers she is going to encounter during her trip. Perhaps this is the reason
why the girl is afraid of everything and everybody. She is so afraid that she tends
to behave clumsily to people she suspects they want to swindle or take
advantage of her; but then, these people who have to serve her are even ruder.
On the ferry which crosses the English Channel, she
accommodates in the cabin for women only and there she feels safe and happy.
But when she arrives in France and has to take the train, the porter, or the
station master, treats the poor girl very coarsely, and, when she doesn’t want
to give him the tip, or pay the price he asks for, he takes his revenge leading
a man to her carriage for Ladies Only and even stripping off the restrictive
sign that would have protected her from male company.
However, the man in her carriage is old, extremely old, she believes; but he seems a very polite and respectable gentleman from Germany; we even know he has been a civil servant, and eventually our governess imagines that a man like him could have been her grandfather.
The little governess destination is a hotel in Munich where her employer, a wife’s doctor, is going to pick her up at six in the evening, and, as the train is arriving in the morning, the kind old man suggests her that would be interesting for her to pay a visit to the beautiful city, and he offers her to be her cicerone. The young woman has some doubts, but eventually accepts.
At the hotel, the girl again behaves clumsily, this time with the waiter,
when she doesn’t want to tip him. Moreover, this waiter suspects there is an
illicit relationship between her and the old man.
So the girl and the old man go round Munich to see the
sights. The man is perhaps a little bit too attentive because he buys her some
sausages, pays for her lunch, offers his umbrella and his arm when it’s
raining…
When it’s time (and even late) to go back to the hotel to meet her
employer, the old man insists her to show his little flat, telling her that she
doesn’t have to worry because there is a housekeeper. But when she goes in,
there’s nobody in his bachelor’s house; there he offers her some wine and asks
her to give him a kiss; and, as she denies it, he assaults her and tries to
steal a kiss in the mouth, and really he gets it. The girl defends herself, gets free and
runs away from the flat. Now she has discovered the old man’s true nature.
In the street, she asks a policeman for a tram to the station,
where her hotel is, but she doesn’t say anything about the assault. On the
tram, although everybody can see she is in trouble, nobody offers to help her.
In the end, she gets to the hotel and asks for the lady that had to come to
pick her up. But the girl has arrived too late, and the lady, being tired of
waiting, has gone away.
And now the waiter has had his revenge, because he has told
the lady that the girl had gone with a suspicious man. Moreover, he doesn’t tell
the girl if the woman is going to come back to pick her up the next day, so the
governess is in a big trouble: she doesn’t know if the lady is going to
keep the position for her. What is she going to do now?
As you can see, this story is very different from the
others we have read by Katherine Mansfield: there is a continuum and a crescendo in the narrative, and we foresee that a disgrace is going to fall down upon the girl. We can see the
famous cliché about appearances being deceptive. We can also find a kind of
morality in the story: don’t trust anybody because they can be a wolf in
sheep’s clothing. In fact, this story is a Mansfield version of the Red Riding
Hood, the famous tale for children. However, the primitive tale ended badly,
like Mansfield’s, very differently from the modern versions whose intention is entertaining children without frightening them. So, the question will be: what kind of truths must we tell our
children: the real cruel ones or the sweet and perhaps false ones?
QUESTIONS
-Do you agree
with people who don’t want to take their children to a public school? Do you
think it’s better a public education than a private one?
-“It’s better
to mistrust people at first sight than to trust them.” Is it your opinion too?
Why?
-Do you have a
point of view about these “ladies’ compartments”? Do you think they are
necessary to protect women?
-The way she
treated the porter (and the waiter at the hotel), was it a bit haughty?
-Are her fears for real, or only fancies of an inexpert woman?
-“Most old men
were so horrid.” According to you, is this most young people’s opinion?
-When and why
does she start to trust the old man?
-“She felt she
had known him for years.” When do you say this about a new acquittance?
-“His hand
shook, and the wine spilled over the tray.” What happened exactly to the old man
in his flat?
-Why the tram
was “full of old men with twitching knees”, according to what the little governess
saw?
-Is this a
moral story? What is its morality?
VOCABULARY
porter, rub up, tucked up, pink-sprigged, pounced, cinders,
flicking, spick and span, doddery, tangerines, pouted, dimpled, attar, cupped, swooped
Little Red Riding Hood, by Roald Dahl
Marriage à la Mode, by Katherine Mansfield
SUMMARY, by Nora Carranza
It was Saturday afternoon and William was about to take a train in London, as he did many previous Saturdays. He felt sorrow for not having bought a suitable present for the kids, Paddy and Johnny, who awaited happily for the arrival of their dad because of his presents.
The kids got annoyed when they obtained the same boxes
of sweets William used to buy at the station.
As he intended to offer some different gifts, he made
his decision for fruits: a melon and a pineapple. That matter of toys and
objects for the children wasn’t an easy subject for William. His wife, Isabel,
disapproved of the varied toys their children had, and destroyed them
considering them typical and usual objects for children to play, a bad
influence for the infant’s education and emotions.
It seems that there was a “new Isabel”, with new
ideas, living in a new house, surrounded by new friends, a group of young poets,
who, for instance, eagerly enjoy the children’s sweets. So, William, with
disgust, imagine one of them lapping up a slice of the melon he had already
bought.
The train arrived at the crowded platform, William
looked for the first-class smoker carriage, where he got comfortable in a
corner and began to concentrate in his professional papers, while the usual bad
distress in his breast diminished.
After a time travelling, his attention moved from his
papers to the landscape, and as every Saturday, the images he contemplated
drove him to Isabel. William thought about the New Isabel and the previous
Isabel.
William remembered when, some time ago, coming back
from his office, he met his loved family in the little white house, the one
with blue curtains and beautiful petunias. But then, William had no idea about
the inconvenience that little house represented for Isabel. He didn’t imagine
Isabel felt lonely, disliked the Nanny and was willing to know interesting
people and attend to cultural activities.
William also remembered the holidays the family used
to have, how he and Isabel enjoyed being young, eating and sleeping together.
But now, the New Isabel would be horrified with this kind of sentimentalism in
her husband.
The New Isabel had found congenial people, could go
about more, and she lived in a new house surrounded by new amazing friends, a
new, large house, where William felt strange and where Isabel accused him of
being tragic and dull.
The train arrived at the station, William saw her
waiting for him, beautiful and alone, and for a moment, he had the illusion that
nobody else had gone with Isabel to the station…, but he was mistaken because
all the others ―Bill Hunt, Dennis Green and Moira Morrison― waited outside in the taxi. He could only say, “Oh!”
The taxi went to the shop where Bobby Kane had been
choosing sweets because of their divine colours and aspect. He went out to meet
the group and, as the shopman ran after him claiming for the money, Isabel has to pay
for the sweets.
Isabel laughed when William explained the fruits were
for the kids and said they would suffer agonies eating them, although she and
Moira were delighted with the melon and pineapple.
After tea, William found himself alone, the kiddies
were asleep, and the poets were off to bathe. He went to the sitting room, and
there he discovered paintings on the walls and ashtrays full of cigarette ends
everywhere.
The bathers came back, altering the quiet of the
garden, asking for music, making snob jokes, until they had supper, eating and
drinking a lot. Isabel filled glasses and changed plates. In the end, they all
felt tired and went to bed.
The next afternoon, waiting for the taxi, William was
finally alone with Isabel, but nevertheless he felt there was nothing to say.
Isabel mentioned they almost hadn’t seen each other,
it has been so a short time, the children have been out… The next time!
The taxi arrived, Isabel said goodbye, gave a quick
kiss to William and went inside.
When he was seated on the train with his arms around
the pain in his breast, he began to write mentally a letter for Isabel, the New
Isabel.
When the post arrived, the indolent group were sitting
outside the house. The letter to Isabel had pages and pages, and began with “My darling, precious Isabel”.
William didn’t want to be a nuisance to her happiness.
Isabel passed through different emotions: fear,
astonishment, confusion, and finally she laughed a lot.
She was asked to read out the letter and, as she did,
they all went making laugh and fun about the moving William’s words.
Isabel run up to her bedroom, resenting the vain
behaviour of her friends, while they were calling her from the garden, “Come for
a bathe”!
Isabel knew she should stay and write to William, she had
to decide! But, oh, it was too difficult! Better later… and Isabel ran downstairs
laughing.
In this story, the group of poets appears like indolent,
unproductive people. They don’t care about responsibilities in their life, nor
respect the person who really works and whom they owe meals, house and
entertainments. Even Isabel shares their inconsistent way of life.
I think these are common traits for many artists, like
writers, painters, musicians, philosophers, sensitive people, absorbed in their
creative mind, that must keep apart from every day’s matters to go on with
their artistic or intellectual creation.
But other artists or thinkers can produce excellent works,
earning a living by them, and keeping active compromise with the world they
live in.
What could be the circumstances or conditions that
determine which one of these ways a gifted person has to live in?
QUESTIONS
-Do you always take things to your family / friends
when you go away? What kind of things do you usually take?
-Should taste be taught? Who decides tastes in a
person life?
-How can you define a snob person? Remember, “snob”
comes from “sans noblesse”, that is “without nobility”.
-In the story, Isabel has changed after meeting some
artists ang going to Paris with Moira. Do you think a friend, a book, a travel,
can change radically a person?
-William is a grey, dull person that works in an
office. He has traditional points of view and prejudices (“Hysterical”, of a
girl running along the station.) And Isabel is lively, extrovert. Can
personality decide about your job / loves / happiness? Give examples.
-Isabel new friends are a group of artists. What can
you tell about the group of artists in La Dolce Vita? Can you compare
the couple in La vie d’Adèle to William and Isabel?
-What is the touchstone to know what is really like a
person?
-What do you know about the Ecclesiastes?
-In the station, when William goes back to London,
Isabel wants to carry his suitcase. What do you thing about the traditional
politeness to women?
-In your opinion, does Isabel really love William /
their children? And what about William?
-Why did she laugh reading his letter? Will she write
to him at the end?
-According to your view, who is right in their
disagreement?
VOCABULARY
hard lines, ribbing, scrapped, poky, chambers, pinning,
plait, wad, wiles, paper
ANOTHER AUDIOBOOK (from minute 32:59)
Something Childish but very Natural, by Katherine Mansfield
SUMMARY
This is a love story between Henry (17) and Edna (16). They are very young, so we have to suppose very inexperienced about love,
but also very pure and innocent.
Henry is a clerk in an architect office, and he thinks
he’s great into books, although he hasn’t read many, and he doesn’t have many.
Edna is a student in a training college; she wants to be a secretary.
One day, at Charing Cross station, Henry almost misses
his train because, as it has a stop of ten minutes, leaving his hat and a
portfolio in his carriage, he gets off to look at the books in the station
bookstall and, when he is reading a poem from a book, he hears the station
master announcing that the train is leaving, and Henry has to hurry up. He runs
to the nearest carriage and dashes into it. But it’s not his, and he feels
embarrassed because there is another passenger, a girl, and he has not his hat
on. He notices the girl’s hair and falls in love with it. In the end, he gathers
courage to say something, and they begin a bit of conversation. And when Edna
points to the mark his hat has left on his forehead, he feels he’s definitely in
love with her. He asks her to meet again, and she tells him that she takes the
same train every day.
So they meet again, and they start a kind of love
affair, they tell each other about their jobs, their families… He asks her to see her hair, and reluctantly she takes off her hat, but she
doesn’t allow him to touch it.
And during their courtship, he can’t even go near her and, much less, kiss her.
However, Henry isn’t angry with her, he is patient and understanding and can
wait. Edna knows that he wants some more closeness and understands his desires,
but, at the moment, she can’t bear being touched. She prefers keeping some
distance between them, as if they were still children, and not already teenagers. But
they both dream being together, living together, and they imagine having a house
and behaving like husband and wife.
But after a time, Henry is a little tired of waiting for a kiss or a caress, he hungers for physical contact. One day, in an excursion, when they stop to have tea, the landlady offers them a cottage to rent. They go and see it, and they like it very much. They can figure it could be their home. Eventually, Edna lets him hold her, and tells him she has wanted all day to tell him that he could kiss her. They decide to rent the house.
But when Henry waits for Edna the day they have to begin to inhabit the cottage, she doesn’t come. Instead of her, there comes a little girl with a telegram for Henry. We don’t know what is there in the message, neither whose it is from, although we can imagine. He opens it, reads it, and the world around him gets wrapped in darkness.
QUESTIONS
-Why do you think the girl doesn’t want any physical
contact?
-In your opinion, a romantic mood, is it only possible
when you are young?
-Do you think love without sex is going to work? Or is
this idea sexist?
-What can be the meaning of the Swiss cow-bell, the
silver shoe and the fish hanging of Edna’s bangle?
-Why is hair so powerful a sexual symbol, according to
your view?
-“Have you ever been in love before?” is a very unusual
declaration of love. Do you know any other singular one? E.g., this one.
-Some people say love is a kind of illness that only
lasts three years. What is your opinion?
-Can children be in love, or is love something you
only find in teenagers and adults?
-When they are at the tea house in the country, and the
woman offers to rent a cottage, do you think Henry has planned it previously? (remember he
had been there often)
-And when the woman asked if they were brother and
sister, why does Henry answer yes?
-When they are in the cottage, do they really kiss?
Why do you think so?
-What does the telegram say? What is Henry going to do
now?
VOCABULARY
soot, spangle, pap, clutched, marigold, wreath, utter,
curb, training college, nests, loathsome, winding up, raked out, caretakers, heather,
jonquils, Bags I
A Cup of Tea, by Katherine Mansfield
The story was written in January 1922 in the space of just 4–5 hours, and was published in a popular magazine, the “Story-Teller”, in May of the same year.
Rosemary was a wealthy woman, who had been married for
two years to a very rich man, Philip Fell, who adored his family. Though she
was not very pretty, she made up for it as she lived in extreme style and
fashion. She always enjoyed organizing parties for important people and artists.
She liked shopping in a perfect florist’s in Regent Street and also loved collecting
antiques.
One rainy winter afternoon, after leaving an antique
shop, Rosemary felt a bit upset, because she had not been able to buy an
exquisite little box. Suddenly a poor
young girl came up to her and asked for the price of a cup of tea. Rosemary
thought of doing something generous, like in the novels of Dostoevsky, and
invited her to her house. Rosemary wanted to show that those nice things that
happened in novels and fairy tales, about generous rich people, happened in real
life also. At the beginning, the girl didn’t believe Rosemary, even suspected
that the lady might hand her over to the police, but at last Rosemary took her
home.
When they arrived at Rosemary’s house, she took the
girl up to her bedroom and made her sit near the fire on a comfortable chair.
Rosemary even had to help her take off her coat and hat, because she was very
weak, but threw them on the floor. The poor girl cried and complained that life
was too hard and that she was so tired of living. Then Rosemary consoled her
and asked her servant to bring some food and tea.
When she was going to begin asking the girl about her
life, her husband Philip came in. He was astonished to see the girl in his
wife’s room, and he asked her to go to the library, where he tried to tell her that
she couldn’t have a stranger in the house. Facing a refusal, he used the old
jealousy trick and he praised the girl’s beauty. So Rosemary went out of the
library, took three pounds, gave them to the girl and sent her away.
Afterwards, Rosemary dressed up, put on some makeup and
tried to attract the attention of her husband. At the end, Rosemary didn’t know
if she was pretty enough for him, and she wasn’t sure if Philip loved her
either.
Some Reflections
Rosemary is also a prototype of jealousy and insecurity. When Philips praises the girl’s beauty, she forgets her good intentions and sends the girl away.
QUESTIONS
-The protagonist says “I hate lilac”. And the attendant “put the lilac out of sight”. So strong of the power of money? Can you give some more curious examples?
-Remember the seller in the “antique shop”: can you give some tips as to how to be a very good shopkeeper?
-Why would / wouldn’t you buy second hand things?
-What do you think of philanthropy? Do you think it’s a way to help poor people, or you think it’s useless for the poor and hypocrisy for the donor?
-Are all the women sisters (in their fight for their rights)?
-Are rich people more natural than poor people? Do you think very rich people belong to another species? Is it easy to recognize them?
-“If people wanted helping, they must respond a little”. How true is this sentence? Must you always accept charity?
-Is being very formal a feature of rich people, like when Philip says “Oh, what’s happened? Previous engagement?”
VOCABULARY
duck, beamed, cherub, plied, vile, pick-up, bowled over